Summoners War
GamesRole PlayingEntertainmentStrategy

Summoners War

The OG Monster, Strategy RPG

Com2uS Corp.

How much does Summoners War cost?

Prices are current as of 29 Sept 2026.

10 one-time purchases from $2.99

In the United States, Summoners War has 10 one-time purchases priced $2.99 – 99.99.

ProductPrice
Handfull of Crystals$2.99
Bundle of Crystals$4.99
Pack 10$9.99
Pile of Crystals$9.99
Sack of Crystals$19.99
Light-Dark Pack$29.99
Pack 30$29.99
Rune Summon Package (Violent)$29.99
Chest of Crystals$99.99
Pack 60$99.99

10+ alternatives to Summoners War

Summoners WarAFK ArenaFire Emblem HeroesThe Seven Deadly SinsIdle Heroes - Idle GamesONE PIECE TREASURE CRUISE-RPGEpic SevenTorchlight: InfiniteClash of Kings - CoKPixel Heroes: Tales of EmondMarch of Empires: War Games
Rating / 54.24.74.74.74.64.74.64.53.84.74.2
Reviews185K1.2M402K391K355K247K185K28K20K19K18K
Released20142019201720202016201520182022201420242015
One-time price$19.99$14.99$9.99$7.99$14.99$8.99$4.99$14.99$19.99$9.99$4.99

The going rate for each plan in United States, in its own currency, shaded from the cheapest price on the row to the dearest. Plans fewer than four in ten of the priced apps sell are left out.

Summoners War reviews

4.2 out of 5, based on 185,069 reviews.

What people like

  • Music and collab events are really cool
  • Developers keep updating it consistently over years
  • Great for killing time on long trips
  • Deep strategy if you ignore violent runes

What they complain about

  • Getting good monsters feels rigged or luck-based
  • Violent runes make gameplay feel like pure gambling
  • Customer support ignores hacked or stolen accounts
  • Game takes up way too much phone space
★★★★★ United States · v9.3.0 · 28 Aug 2026

Great game

I have been playing this game for MANY years. The developers have stayed consistent, and have kept the game as fun as it is now. All the monsters have very good design, everything really has a good design, and on top of all that, it’s a AWESOME AWESOME Free 2 Play game.

— Keep at it com2us

★☆☆☆☆ United States · v9.3.0 · 28 Aug 2026

Summons

I’ve played this game for over 10 years. The summons rate is so terrible there’s no way to actually obtain good monsters. I’ve only summoned 3 nat 5 monsters ever and the chances of you summoning the same monster over and over is over 85%, a new monster 5%, and a nat 5 monster .01%. Put years into this game and hours doing specific mission for a 4-5⭐️ scroll just to get the same monsters I’ve summoned all month. With the current collab I’ve only summoned fire Fren and water stark. Then proceeded to summons those two again over 10 times each. Not a different element or character. Unless you pay money you’re getting the same basic characters.

— Big Dan78

★★★★☆ Japan · v9.2.9 · 20 Aug 2026

久しぶりに始めた

暇つぶしにはいいかな?

— オセロット26

★★☆☆☆ United States · v9.3.0 · 28 Aug 2026

Fun for a While

This is another predatory mobile game that starts out as fun and then begins to grind you down. The catch up mechanics are a lot of fun for a month, but don't expect to get any good pulls, the odds are stacked against you in a major way. This is because there are five affinities of each monster, leaving the odds of getting the good version off the charts. On top of it, the scrolls to pull for the two best affinities, are seldom acquired unless you use your credit card. To add insult to injury, having pop-up ads appear when trying to enter an area of the game is a bit too much to bear.

— Rodney Gee

★★★☆☆ France · v9.2.9 · 16 Aug 2026

Arène

Bonjour , je me permets de vous informez qu au lancement du jeu si on va voir directement dans l arène ( défense gagnées ou non) le jeu mouline et il ne se passe plus rien si on ne relance pas. Au passage une différence de proc rune violente en RTA est vraiment déséquilibrée. Cdlt

— Naogeddon

★★★★★ United States · v9.3.0 · 28 Aug 2026

Time

Good game

— Julioslvarez2003f

★☆☆☆☆ United States · v9.3.0 · 28 Aug 2026

Gg

Дресня

— Re698

★★★★☆ United States · v9.2.9 · 12 Aug 2026

I NEED LOTS AND LOTS OF LUCK

Great game, just wish I had lots of summoning luck 😀 I must say this is the best phone game I’ve ever played. I have played for years and very impressed with the continual updates for game play. Very creative world, monsters and collabs. I’m a huge Lord of the Ring Fan and I was very excited to get a few collab monsters or trophies to me. Somehow I hope you guys can Naruto.😊 Keep coming with the updates to continue to keep longevity to a great game!

— Way of Life777

★★☆☆☆ United States · v9.2.9 · 14 Aug 2026

The way it is

The game is filled with modders and bot exploits. All against terms but they do nothing. Meanwhile you get trash day in day out playing legit. If you wanna start this game from scratch you start by buying a Lucifer account on eBay.

— Just call me no one

★★★☆☆ United States · v9.2.9 · 14 Aug 2026

Lost a 3 year old account

I have been playing the game for 3 years and lost my main. Although I have enjoyed playing the game I stopped last year because it’s hard for me to start a new account after playing on my main. I have tried to request them to change the password but they would not change it because of me not have the email tied to a hacker or some random email.

— TheGamerKid(account name)

★★★★★ United States · v9.3.0 · 28 Aug 2026

Incredibly addicting

Been addicted to this game for far too long. It has all the right elements for beginners and veterans you could ask for. Would love to see it transition one day to allow Nat 5 characters be merged together to create truly unique combinations. That’s the next step to the strategy. PS: Take out violent runes. They eliminate legit rune strategies since most either just go super speed or vio procs. Next step, IMO, is to balance the rune benefits so there are way more legit strategies.

— Rayven1122

★☆☆☆☆ United States · v9.2.9 · 23 Aug 2026

Updates

Everytime I wanna play it updates Everytime! And it’s starting to annoy me! Also I have played this game for years and I haven’t gotten a dark or light nat 5 at all and the drop rates are way to low

— gatostar4000

★★★★☆ United States · v9.2.8 · 12 Aug 2026

Need scrolls

I don’t really understand the game but it seems pretty fun

— The_Zombie21

★★☆☆☆ United States · v9.2.8 · 3 Aug 2026

Great Game

There is always something to do to keep you engaged and having fun. A large variety of monsters to obtain and fairly easy to do so. They make new users feel right at home with the ability to obtain powerful items, monsters, through a a beginners quest line. There are also random events to obtain even more monsters and more items. 5 star game.

— John_Hunton

★★★☆☆ Canada · v9.2.8 · 30 Jul 2026

Game size

Good game! But over 10G for a game when it as all the files downloaded is CRAZY.

— Maître jo66

★★★★★ United States · v9.2.9 · 27 Aug 2026

D

It’s real good to play on a car ride or if you are bored

— Turkeymcge

★☆☆☆☆ United States · v9.2.9 · 22 Aug 2026

Game rác

Tỷ lệ sum như cẹc

— GameLozzzz12

★★★★☆ United States · v9.2.8 · 9 Aug 2026

Near perfection

Summoners War Sky Arena has been dear to me for more than half a decade now. It has a verity of monsters with their own distinct play-styles that you can mix and match with the runes that accompanies them. I love how thoughtful the new monster are designed ever since the reloaded update. My only criticisms towards this game is that they should do reworks on old monster both in visual and gameplay more often. I will continue to support COM2US in the effort that this game gets more recognition through its labor of love. TLDR: love the game, please make more PVE content and do more reworks on older units!

— Happy-Mask

★★☆☆☆ Japan · v9.2.8 · 2 Aug 2026

ガチャが…

コラボモンスターのガチャ10種類以上あるのに同じ属性のキャラがよく出る。

— ahxgajabs

★★★☆☆ Japan · v9.2.7 · 25 Jul 2026

急に開かんくなった

アプリのアイコンに触れて開こうとするとロード画面?に行く前に落ちる、急にそうなってしまった。 始めたばかりで色々経験値などにバフがあり、時間が経過するとバフを無駄に消費しているので早急に修正して欲しい。

— 石原航雅

★★★★★ United States · v9.2.9 · 24 Aug 2026

.

Game rất hay và cuốn hút cơm ơn game nha =)

— Siu hay game

★☆☆☆☆ United States · v9.2.9 · 12 Aug 2026

Turn-based game btw

How is the first line in your game description a lie, its just vio wars at this point

— Turn-based?

★★★★☆ United States · v9.2.8 · 29 Jul 2026

Great game but it is rigged for the rich unless you play nonstop

Mostly a great game with better graphics then most of the genre, it boasts real strategy where you are more likely to need skill rather then blind luck. However it seems most nat5s ( monsters that are naturally a 5 star) have an unbelievably low rate and it is even worse for the collaboration mons. However they do post the summon rates so it isn’t as disappointing as it could be if you had no clue when it could happen. But because of the low summon rates it seems that packs are forced on to the players, the real disappointment is the value of the packs versus how much you pay, the bigger packs cost $100 for 3 scrolls and a few devilmon. However because there are so many packs the richer players can afford to brute force the rng until they have the best monsters with only the oldest and most dedicated players having a chance. Ps every reply saying that getting nat5s are either new and are within 20 days of starting or they are rich, the reason for 20 days is because the first weeks have a much higher nat 5 rate. Thank you for reading my lengthy reply and have a good day.

— The demon of PA

★★☆☆☆ Japan · v9.2.8 · 29 Jul 2026

新規の人はキツい

チャットは100〜120チャンネルぐらいに人はたくさんいるけどコミュ力が違うベクトルでおかしい人も多い。 あと単純にルーンシステムが始めたばかりの人にはキツいと思う、金入れても追いつけるかどうかは怪しい

— もうキツい

★★★☆☆ United States · v9.2.7 · 23 Jul 2026

Solid game

Lots of fun but frustrating because it’s COMPLETELY rigged. Example: you have one in three odds and play those odds 50 times with zero wins. Statistically that’s impossible unless dictated by AI. Other than the fix that’s often very unfair, it’s cool.

— scrub bu lubbz

★★★★★ United States · v9.2.9 · 22 Aug 2026

Review

Just started and can’t stop

— haveyjnd

★☆☆☆☆ United States · v9.2.9 · 12 Aug 2026

Absolute trash

No skills involved. All RNG BS

— Codmiswack

★★★★☆ Japan · v9.2.7 · 25 Jul 2026

コラボキャラ何でにくい

コラボキャラがでにくいですがゲーム自体は楽しいです。新規はまともにできるまでは時間がかかる印象です。

— n*****

★★☆☆☆ Japan · v9.2.7 · 15 Jul 2026

コラボは嬉しい

ガチャ率低すぎてびっくり。 3属性天井があるのはかなり助かるけど、光闇なんて幻 廃課金なら取れるかもしれんけど。

— たはむかへさ

★★★☆☆ Japan · v9.2.7 · 21 Jul 2026

ガチャ確率が・・・

星5がほとんどでないゲーム性も同じことの繰り返し暇つぶしにはちょうどいいゲームだけどハマるかと言うと別気分上がるゲームではないもっとワクワクが欲しいな

— CIAOちゅ〜る

★★★★★ United States · v9.2.9 · 17 Aug 2026

Great

Great

— BakaSato

★☆☆☆☆ United States · v9.2.8 · 11 Aug 2026

Vio runes ruined this game and com2us won’t do anything about it. Save your money

If you want to play a game where the enemy can get 4 turns to your one due to violent runes your I ln the right place. Game content and strategy doesn’t exist because it’s all down to a roll of the dice because the only thing you can use is vio runes if you want to compete. They also flood the game with useless monsters now. I only came back for frieren callab cause it’s an amazing anime. The game is pointless to play. Delete vio runes from the game and maybe people will come back.

— kasharaja

★★★★☆ Japan · v9.2.7 · 16 Jul 2026

意外と

おもしろい!

— gjmatpjm

★★☆☆☆ France · v9.2.6 · 13 Jul 2026

Je n’aime pas la direction que prend summoner War

Je joue à ce jeu des depuis plusieurs années, et je t’ai précisé que le jeu est vraiment génial et complet. Il y avait un bon équilibre entre le milieu compétitif et le milieu Farming. Néanmoins le moteur le plus important est que j’aime le plus dans ce jeu c’est la partie Farming. Pve et cette partie dépend énormément des évènements que propose le jeu avant. Il y avait beaucoup d’évènements de Farming avec des boutiques illimitées ou plus tu fermerais plus, tu avais des points et plus avec ces points tu pouvais acheter des pièces d’invocation ou de l’ l’énergie et ces trucs permettaient de vraiment récompenser le Farming actif puis il y a eu ameria, chaque jour tu as 500 points de ce truc ça Boost t’es pourcentage de drop sympa donc l’idée est plutôt sympa pour ce qu’on pas le temps de farm , néanmoins, et c’est là que la critique se porte, c’est l’utilisation abusif de ces points ameria comme quasiment seul, compteur de points pour les évènements. Pour résumer mes habitudes je me réveille le matin, je lance mes combats pour épuiser les 500 points et j’arrête de jouer parce que peu importe ce que je fais dans le jeu, je ne gagne aucun point pour les boutiques et cela est incroyablement frustrant, car le Farming actif n’est plus récompensé comme avant. Je sais pas si c’est une stratégie pour forcer les gens à faire de la RTA chose d’ailleurs que je déteste avec ce système où tu choisis cinq monstres et le mec il te retire un de tes monstres au pif. enfin bref la partie compétitive, je m’en moque ce qui m’intéresse, c’est la collection le Farming avoir des runes sympa et ça me voir à gâcher ce plaisir en utilisant comme seul compteur. Ce ameria qui a complètement tué mon plaisir de jouer et même dans le chat, on est beaucoup à détester ce système de compteur pour les évènements.

— Igori80

★★★☆☆ Japan · v9.2.7 · 15 Jul 2026

光闇でない

ワリーナ楽しい

— えすくりだお

★★★★★ United States · v9.2.9 · 12 Aug 2026

Wow

10 years in the making. Game is my life now took over my paycheck. Barely even see my family anymore. My kids think their daddy is dead.

— joseh23753

★☆☆☆☆ United States · v9.2.8 · 10 Aug 2026

This game should be gone

Came out more than 10 years ago. This game is now nothing more than a rigged money hungry gotcha game. Outdated game mechanics, absolutely unbalanced, no strategy, ridiculous game logic. And are you serious more than 9gb of required storage space to play… Way better games out there

— apecifg

★★★★☆ Canada · v9.2.2 · 13 May 2026

Great game only downfall

Only downfall is amount of space it takes up

— Afroman444

★★☆☆☆ Germany · v9.2.3 · 8 Jun 2026

Schlechter Support

Mein jähre lang bespielter account wurde gehackt mit sehr guten Runen und mons. Dort wurden mehrere 10tausend euro über die jahre ausgegeben. Der support hat jede erfragte info und Daten erhalten und dennoch wird nichts unternommen…keinerlei Rückmeldung außer man solle nochmals und nochmals alle Daten senden jedoch ohne irgend ein erfolg. Nun darf ich auf einem neuen Accounts spielen und in den Bestenlisten der Dungeons und tower zusehen wie mein account von jemand adern bespielt wird…. Sehr schwache support Leistung :/

— DDoS69

★★★☆☆ Japan · v9.2.7 · 15 Jul 2026

非課金の限界

体力、マナ不足で鍛えれない=勝てない

— わをんー。。

★★★★★ United States · v9.2.8 · 9 Aug 2026

Literally my favorite game

I had a way longer review written originally but I accidentally clicked off of it and it deleted all my writing so rip to the 5 paragraphs I wrote 💔 Absolutely fire background music btw, the collabs get cool music too

— My user: Starlight2014

★☆☆☆☆ United States · v9.2.8 · 9 Aug 2026

“Inappropriate Nickname”

So, can’t use “Shadow”, “Dark”, “Unknown”, etc. How are they inappropriate? This whole nickname thing, that being “inappropriate”, are way too sensitive. I can tell this game isn’t going to be fun, & probably has a lot of restrictions.

— Unknowngamer0211

★★★★☆ Canada · v9.1.6 · 20 Mar 2026

Good

Good

— Orge thing

★★☆☆☆ France · v9.1.9 · 26 Apr 2026

Hack

Cela fait maintenant cinq ou six mois que je me suis fait hacker mon compte et l’assistance n’a toujours rien fait. Donc c’est un bon jeu mais il faut s’attendre à rien en retour

— NowzR

★★★☆☆ France · v9.2.7 · 15 Jul 2026

Très agréable mais..

Jeu très cool, mérite beaucoup plus de visibilité. Dommage qu’il soit gâché par des patchs d’équilibrage horribles qui empêchent les joueurs de prendre vraiment du plaisir. On a l’impression que le studio va à contre courant de ce que la communauté demande.

— Heretik79

★★★★★ United States · v9.2.8 · 9 Aug 2026

Read this page

Awesome game we’ve been playing for about three years now and every year it gets better all the updates have been great love it thanks

— 🍒🥥🥑🫛🥝🍑🥭🍅🥦🥬🍆🍍

★☆☆☆☆ United States · v9.2.8 · 7 Aug 2026

Summoning rate

The summon rate is horrible

— XBigWongX

★★★★☆ Canada · v9.0.2 · 14 Nov 2025

Please make it a little easier for my acc to get nat 5

Been playing this game over 10yrs and I barely got nat 5 other players that just started gets light or dark nat 5 right away but my acc I been playing it for a long time and I don’t get any nat 5 light or dark. overall I’m happy with the game it’s just really hard to get nat 5

— Bilatse

★★☆☆☆ Canada · v8.8.7 · 20 Oct 2025

Redownload

Keeps making me redownload the data every time!

— Giorgio A Tsoukalos

★★★☆☆ Germany · v9.2.6 · 29 Jun 2026

Bestes gacha

Immernoch das beste gacha auf dem Markt. Auch wenn hier vieles einfach hardcore p2win ist. Nichts desto trotz wurde in den letzten Jahren viel richtig und das Spiel für casuals deutlich angenehmer gemacht.

— Desateur69

Summoners War price by country

A one-time purchase costs $5.99 in Moldova and $59.99 in the British Virgin Islands — 10× more for the same thing. Below is the going rate for each plan in every country that sells it — the middle price of what the app charges there, in the country's own currency with the dollar equivalent beneath it.

Country One-time
Afghanistan $26.99
Albania $34.99
Algeria $29.99
Angola $9.99
Anguilla $9.99
Antigua And Barbuda $9.99
Argentina $9.99
Armenia $35.99
Australia A$29.99$20.97
Austria €21.99$25.02
Azerbaijan $11.99
Bahamas $10.99
Bahrain $29.99
Barbados $11.99
Belarus $11.99
Belgium €10.99$12.50
Belize $29.99
Benin $23.99
Bermuda $49.99
Bhutan $21.99
Bolivia $9.99
Bosnia & Herzegovina €9.99$11.37
Botswana $26.99
Brazil R$59.90$11.50
British Virgin Islands $59.99
Brunei Darussalam $19.99
Bulgaria €9.99$11.37
Burkina Faso $21.99
Cambodia $29.99
Cameroon $28.99
Canada CA$24.99$17.60
Cape Verde $26.99
Cayman Islands $29.99
Chad $21.99
Chile CLP 22,990$23.91
China CN¥68.00$10.12
Colombia COP 116,900$35.41
Congo $26.99
Congo, Democratic Republic $26.99
Costa Rica $9.99
Cote Divoire $25.99
Croatia €9.99$11.37
Cyprus €42.99$48.91
Czech Republic CZK 499.00$23.99
Denmark DKK 89.00$13.55
Dominica $26.99
Dominican Republic $9.99
Ecuador $9.99
Egypt EGP 499.99$9.60
El Salvador $29.99
Estonia €9.99$11.37
Fiji $23.99
Finland €9.99$11.37
France €9.99$11.37
Gabon $26.99
Gambia $21.99
Georgia $35.99
Germany €10.99$12.50
Ghana $31.99
Greece €10.99$12.50
Grenada $20.99
Guatemala $9.99
Guinea-bissau $23.99
Guyana $29.99
Honduras $9.99
Hong Kong HK$228.00$29.08
Hungary HUF 4,490$13.91
Iceland $11.99
India ₹2,799.00$29.14
Indonesia IDR 539,000$29.97
Iraq $26.99
Ireland €10.99$12.50
Israel ₪59.90$19.51
Italy €10.99$12.50
Jamaica $29.99
Japan ¥5,000$31.78
Jordan $19.99
Kazakhstan KZT 17,990.00$38.96
Kenya $11.99
Kosovo €25.99$29.57
Kuwait $29.99
Kyrgyzstan $26.99
Lao Peoples Democratic Republic $29.99
Latvia €10.99$12.50
Lebanon $29.99
Liberia $23.99
Libya $26.99
Lithuania €10.99$12.50
Luxembourg €22.99$26.15
Macao $29.99
Macedonia $29.99
Madagascar $21.99
Malawi $19.99
Malaysia MYR 99.90$24.49
Maldives $9.99
Mali $29.99
Malta €22.99$26.15
Mauritania $23.99
Mauritius $34.99
Mexico MX$599.00$33.46
Micronesia $26.99
Moldova $5.99
Mongolia $19.99
Montenegro €21.99$25.02
Montserrat $26.99
Morocco $11.99
Mozambique $23.99
Myanmar $19.99
Namibia $29.99
Nauru $26.99
Nepal $22.99
Netherlands €10.99$12.50
New Zealand NZ$49.99$28.24
Nicaragua $9.99
Niger $26.99
Nigeria NGN 49,900.00$37.54
Norway NOK 249.00$26.13
Oman $19.99
Pakistan PKR 7,900$28.52
Palau $29.99
Panama $29.99
Papua New Guinea $29.99
Paraguay $9.99
Peru PEN 134.90$40.03
Philippines ₱599.00$9.58
Poland PLN 49.99$13.02
Portugal €10.99$12.50
Qatar QAR 199.99$54.94
Romania RON 49.99$10.77
Russia RUB 899.00$10.40
Rwanda $26.99
Sao Tome & Principe $26.99
Saudi Arabia SAR 129.99$34.66
Senegal $11.99
Serbia €10.99$12.50
Seychelles $21.99
Sierra Leone $26.99
Singapore SGD 39.98$31.23
Slovakia €9.99$11.37
Slovenia €9.99$11.37
Solomon Islands $23.99
South Africa ZAR 399.99$24.37
South Korea ₩37,000$27.23
Spain €10.99$12.76
Sri Lanka $29.99
St. Kitts and Nevis $29.99
St. Lucia $9.99
St. Vincent & The Grenadines $19.99
Suriname $29.49
Swaziland $26.99
Sweden SEK 129.00$12.95
Switzerland CHF 25.00$30.90
Taiwan NT$990.00$31.12
Tajikistan $29.99
Tanzania TZS 89,900.00$33.97
Thailand THB 399.00$11.88
Tonga $26.99
Trinidad and Tobago $19.99
Tunisia $9.99
Turkey TRY 1,499.99$30.61
Turkmenistan $26.99
Turks and Caicos $39.99
Uganda $25.99
Ukraine $11.99
United Arab Emirates AED 119.99$32.69
United Kingdom £9.99$13.25
United States $19.99
Uruguay $9.99
Uzbekistan $10.99
Vanuatu $26.99
Venezuela $26.99
Yemen $26.99
Zambia $30.99
Zimbabwe $31.99

Summoners War FAQ

Is Summoners War free?
Yes. The app and its basic features are free, in all 174 countries it sells in. Premium features are paid: they start from $2.99 (US), across 10 one-time purchases.
Does Summoners War have a free trial?
No. None of its offers (US) come with a free trial.
Where is Summoners War cheapest?
A one-time purchase costs $5.99 in Moldova and $59.99 in the British Virgin Islands, its cheapest and dearest countries.
What are the best alternatives to Summoners War?
AFK Arena (4.7 from 1,205,693 reviews, premium from $0.99), Fire Emblem Heroes (4.7 from 401,559 reviews, premium from $1.99) and The Seven Deadly Sins (4.7 from 391,233 reviews, premium from $0.99).

Summoners War download

Last updated 27 days ago.

Summoners War sells in 174 countries. It was released 12 years and 5 months ago, on 24 Apr 2014. It holds a 4.2 rating from 185,069 reviews.

Supports 15 languages: English, Arabic, French, German, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Russian, Chinese, Spanish, Thai, Turkish, Vietnamese.

How much does Summoners War make?

Third-party estimates for the last 30 days, worldwide — not the store's own figures, which Apple publishes for nobody.

Revenue $2M
Downloads 20K
Products on sale 121

Revenue by plan

  • One-time

Revenue by country

  • United States
  • Japan
  • Germany
  • France
Open the full Summoners War analytics Revenue and downloads month by month, all 174 countries split out, and every product's share and trend