Migraine Buddy: Track Headache
MedicalHealth & Fitness

Migraine Buddy: Track Headache

Headaches and Migraines Diary

Voluntis

How much does Migraine Buddy: Track Headache cost?

Prices are current as of 27 Sept 2026.

6 subscriptions from $9.99

In the United States, Migraine Buddy: Track Headache has 6 subscriptions priced $9.99 – 89.99. It comes with a 7 days free trial.

SubscriptionPeriodPrice
Monthly PlanMonthly$9.99 – 12.99
Two-Month Subscription2 months$24.99
Annual Plan (No Free Trial)Annual$69.99
Annual PlanAnnualTrial: 7 days$69.99 – 89.99
Annual Plan 30% OffAnnual$69.99 – 89.99
Annual Plan 50% OffAnnual$69.99 – 89.99

10+ alternatives to Migraine Buddy: Track Headache

Migraine Buddy: Track HeadacheVA: Health and BenefitsCBT-i CoachBearable - Symptom TrackerMigraine Tracker & Diary: MiGVisible: Pacing for illnessWeatherX ForecastVA Video ConnectMigraine Tracker: Pressure PalRelief - Migraine TrackerHeadache Migraine Diary
Rating / 54.84.84.64.74.84.84.33.64.74.44.7
Reviews80K350K14K9.8K7.7K7.4K2.7K1.5K820681647
Released20152021201320202023202220162018202320252022
Monthly price$9.99——$4.49$6.99——————
Annual price$69.99——$27.99$19.99——————
One-time price————$2.99——————

The going rate for each plan in United States, in its own currency, shaded from the cheapest price on the row to the dearest. Plans fewer than four in ten of the priced apps sell are left out.

Migraine Buddy: Track Headache reviews

4.8 out of 5, based on 79,603 reviews.

What people like

  • Great for spotting personal triggers
  • Helpful to show doctors your history
  • Easy to log symptoms quickly
  • Tracks weather data like pressure

What they complain about

  • Hard to avoid paying for premium
  • App crashes or gets stuck often
  • Annoying notifications even when turned off
  • Confusing layout for older users
★★★★★ United States · v90.0.21193 · 26 Aug 2026

A lifesaver & mystery solver

This app has helped me keep track of my chronic intractable migraines for over 5 years. It has helped me communicate with my neurologists and other doctors. My memory has been affected by my migraines, which means having records in Migraine Buddy have helped fill in the gaps. Thank you, MB!!

— Lily Beanz

★☆☆☆☆ United States · v90.0.21027 · 20 Aug 2026

App keeps crashing

It won’t open

— popopolmadpiiqn

★★★★☆ United States · v89.0.20386 · 7 Aug 2026

One suggestion

When entering symptoms for a previous migraine it always defaults to today’s date, so you have to manually enter the date and time for each symptom. I don’t love that. This takes too long and it’s not really worth it to enter a record for a migraine that has already passed. We aren’t always able to do this while the migraine is happening and we are experiencing especially debilitating symptoms.

— wmupainter

★★☆☆☆ United States · v90.0.21193 · 26 Aug 2026

Never Correct

It has not gotten my sleep time correct one time in 5 months. This isn’t useful to me.

— Arrohin

★★★★★ United States · v90.0.21193 · 24 Aug 2026

Best App I’ve Tried

Very detailed which helped me identify my triggers and track what helps relieve my migraines and what doesn’t.

— SClocalgal

★☆☆☆☆ United States · v90.0.21027 · 16 Aug 2026

Feeling scammed/upgrade

I didn’t want the upgraded version but I clicked too fast and couldn’t undo it. Waiting to hear if I can get my $24.99 back.

— Notcoolbruh

★★★★☆ United States · v89.0.20386 · 3 Aug 2026

Helps a lo

A little buggy and clunky but so much easier to record

— kmhoefer

★★☆☆☆ United States · v89.0.20386 · 18 Jun 2026

Doesn’t work very well

Can’t record migraines about a third of the time. That’s pretty frustrating during a migraine. Won’t let you give feedback without giving more personal information. If you input that you did something to help with the migraine, it immediately wants you to input if it worked. Nothing works that fast. As a guy I don’t appreciate information about migraines and my period. Maybe it’s a Chinese app?

— Gizmo guy

★★★★★ United States · v90.0.21027 · 20 Aug 2026

Easy

So easy to use to keep track of your migraines

— Kaddymk

★☆☆☆☆ United States · v89.0.20386 · 8 Aug 2026

Would be nice if it worked

Very glitchy app. Half the time, sleep cycle won’t update or confirm. Pressure variation forecast just spins and locks up the rest of the app.

— Chapel 71

★★★★☆ United States · v89.0.20386 · 15 Jul 2026

Good to Track

It’s still hard for me to navigate the end time. I am 65 , and mepretty literate with apps, but sometimes this app is confusing . Not always straight forward

— Momma Nuge

★★☆☆☆ United States · v89.0.20386 · 28 May 2026

I’m about ready to delete this app.

I only use the app to record the start and end times. I don’t want all the other stuff so I have turned all the other settings and notifications off, however, it will send notifications of flash sales and insights even with all the settings off. It’s really aggravating. I’m very close to deleting the app. I miss the way it was years ago.

— MSRic

★★★★★ United States · v90.0.21027 · 20 Aug 2026

Great documentation

It has helped me document my migraines and shows the history of when they happen. Me being in the military it’s good to document when and where it happens for my benefits in the future.

— natsirt.t

★☆☆☆☆ United States · v88.0.19802 · 11 May 2026

Really Busy and Kind of a Scam

Supposedly this app can be used without paying for premium, but there is no way around that screen other than to pick a payment option and there is no trial period so you have to pay for a minimum of 2 months in order to even try it. As soon as I am able to, I will be requesting a refund. The layout isn’t as intuitive as I had hoped, and it’s really busy with these cutesy cartoon humans doing weird things that seem to have nothing to do with what’s around them. It’s hard to find what you need around all of those. This is supposed to be “the best” migraine app, but I tried a few others that are completely free, and I’ll be going with one of those. Maybe I’m a minimalist when I’m having a migraine, but this was just overwhelming and over cluttered to me. Plus, I had to spend $25 just to try it. There are apps that are actually free. Try those instead.

— r.MacQuinn

★★★★☆ United States · v89.0.20386 · 14 Jul 2026

Useful!!

I think this is a wonderful app, between being FREE and good at tracking and a place to log headaches and migraines. I think there’s are some additions such as a space for notes or a graph for variables that correlate with the migraines. However, this app has helped me tremendously in keeping up with logging my migraines, seeing patterns, especially with needed help and needing to report to my doctor. There are no adds shoved down your throat, and you’re actually encouraged to customize the app to help you better. Super recommend this!!!!!

— Withonly_alana

★★★★★ United States · v89.0.20386 · 10 Aug 2026

Headaches

Track

— Chubby6$

★★★★☆ United States · v89.0.20386 · 13 Jul 2026

Easy to track, but…

I have daily symptoms so I knew most trackers wouldn’t meet my exact needs. (For example I rarely have a start and stop time!) This app is easy to log symptoms and relief methods by tapping an icon. You can also adjust what you want to track. My issue was trying to understand the results. After 3 months I’m trying to assess the data and it’s clunky to try to see any patterns. To view notes you need to go into each individual entry. Otherwise this is a great app but I’d love to see an easier way to monitor trends. (I used the free version.)

— ErinC4

★★★★★ United States · v89.0.20386 · 16 Jul 2026

Helpful

Incredibly helpful pin pointing where my migraines are coming from and tracking them. The notes section is great!

— Chelsea fairy

★★★★☆ United States · v89.0.20333 · 17 May 2026

Amazing!!

This app is helpful, easy to use, and my doctor recommended it:) the only this is I wish you didn’t need to pay for extra benefits but in this day and age I understand.

— ace_45903042

★★★★★ United States · v89.0.20386 · 14 Jul 2026

Helpful tracking

Love this for tracking the humidity and barometric pressure, helps me keep a log so I can see patterns and make note of longer migraines

— hmgibson16

★★★★☆ United States · v88.0.19802 · 13 May 2026

Beginner

I’m just starting to record attacks. This app has been designed to expertly lead me through the process.

— BCT+1

★★★★★ United States · v89.0.20386 · 14 Jul 2026

Genuinely amazing

This is so annoying at first because the last thing you want to do during an attack is log anything. but it’s helped so much and I have been so grateful

— ETARGirl

★★★★★ United States · v89.0.20386 · 12 Jul 2026

Best headache app!

I used the App since 2019 and I could found a lot about my headache by it. I love it

— Payaho

★★★★★ United States · v89.0.20386 · 11 Jul 2026

Useful

It helped tracking my migraines as a veteran.

— CALIBOY20291

Migraine Buddy: Track Headache price by country

A monthly subscription costs $1.39 in Turkey and $19.12 in Norway — 14× more for the same thing. Below is the going rate for each plan in every country that sells it — the middle price of what the app charges there, in the country's own currency with the dollar equivalent beneath it.

Country Monthly2 monthsAnnualOne-time
Afghanistan $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Albania $14.99 $29.99 $99.99 $229.99
Algeria $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Angola $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Anguilla $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Antigua And Barbuda $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Argentina $9.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Armenia $14.99 $29.99 $99.99 $229.99
Australia A$16.49$11.61 A$39.99$28.16 A$114.99$80.98 —
Austria €14.99$17.07 €29.99$34.16 €99.99$113.88 €229.99$261.95
Azerbaijan $9.99 $24.99 $89.99 $229.99
Bahamas $14.99 $29.99 $99.99 $199.99
Bahrain $9.99 $29.99 $99.99 $199.99
Barbados $14.99 $29.99 $99.99 $229.99
Belarus $14.99 $29.99 $99.99 $229.99
Belgium €10.99$12.52 €29.99$34.16 €99.99$113.88 €229.99$261.95
Belize $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Benin $12.99 $29.99 $89.99 $229.99
Bermuda $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Bhutan $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Bolivia $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Bosnia & Herzegovina €14.99$17.39 €29.99$34.79 €99.99$116.00 €229.99$266.81
Botswana $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Brazil R$40.90$7.88 R$129.90$25.03 R$499.90$96.32 R$1,299.90$250.46
British Virgin Islands $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Brunei Darussalam $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Bulgaria €14.99$17.07 €24.99$28.46 €99.99$113.88 €229.99$261.95
Burkina Faso $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Cambodia $14.99 $29.99 $99.99 $199.99
Cameroon $14.99 $29.99 $99.99 $229.99
Canada CA$13.49$9.57 CA$34.99$24.82 CA$92.99$65.95 —
Cape Verde $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Cayman Islands $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Chad $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Chile CLP 7,200$7.48 CLP 22,990$23.87 CLP 79,990$83.06 CLP 229,990$238.82
China CN¥73.00$10.81 CN¥168.00$24.89 CN¥598.00$88.59 CN¥1,298.00$192.30
Colombia COP 41,900$12.86 COP 119,900$36.81 COP 499,900$153.48 COP 999,900$306.99
Congo $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Congo, Democratic Republic $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Costa Rica $9.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Cote Divoire $12.99 $29.99 $89.99 $229.99
Croatia €11.28$12.85 €29.99$34.16 €99.99$113.88 €229.99$261.95
Cyprus €14.99$17.39 €29.99$34.79 €99.99$116.00 €229.99$266.81
Czech Republic CZK 289.00$13.52 CZK 699.00$32.69 CZK 2,490.00$116.46 CZK 4,990.00$233.40
Denmark DKK 85.00$12.96 DKK 199.00$30.34 DKK 619.00$94.36 —
Dominica $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Dominican Republic $9.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Ecuador $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Egypt EGP 159.99$3.18 EGP 1,299.99$25.87 EGP 2,999.99$59.70 EGP 9,999.99$199.00
El Salvador $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Estonia €14.99$17.39 €29.99$34.79 €99.99$116.00 €229.99$266.81
Fiji $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Finland €10.99$12.52 €29.99$34.16 €99.99$113.88 €229.99$261.95
France €10.99$12.52 €29.99$34.16 €69.99$79.72 €229.99$261.95
Gabon $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Gambia $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Georgia $14.99 $29.99 $99.99 $229.99
Germany €10.99$12.52 €29.99$34.16 €79.99$91.10 —
Ghana $14.99 $29.99 $99.99 $229.99
Greece €10.99$12.75 €29.99$34.79 €99.99$116.00 €229.99$266.81
Grenada $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Guatemala $9.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Guinea-bissau $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Guyana $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Honduras $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Hong Kong HK$78.00$9.95 HK$188.00$23.98 HK$688.00$87.76 HK$1,488.00$189.80
Hungary HUF 3,890$12.36 HUF 9,990$31.75 HUF 39,990$127.11 HUF 89,990$286.03
Iceland $12.39 $29.99 $99.99 $229.99
India ₹180.00$1.88 ₹2,499.00$26.06 ₹6,500.00$67.79 ₹19,900.00$207.55
Indonesia IDR 139,000$7.83 IDR 399,000$22.48 IDR 1,499,000$84.45 IDR 3,499,000$197.13
Iraq $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Ireland €10.99$12.52 €29.99$34.16 €79.99$91.10 —
Israel ₪35.90$11.81 ₪89.90$29.57 ₪299.90$98.65 ₪599.90$197.34
Italy €10.99$12.52 €29.99$34.16 €99.99$113.88 —
Jamaica $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Japan ¥280$1.78 ¥3,500$22.23 ¥13,000$82.57 ¥30,000$190.54
Jordan $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Kazakhstan KZT 3,890.00$8.38 KZT 12,990.00$27.99 KZT 49,990.00$107.72 KZT 119,990.00$258.56
Kenya $14.99 $29.99 $99.99 $229.99
Kosovo €14.99$17.39 €29.99$34.79 €99.99$116.00 €229.99$266.81
Kuwait $9.99 $24.99 $69.99 $199.99
Kyrgyzstan $14.99 $29.99 $99.99 $199.99
Lao Peoples Democratic Republic $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Latvia €14.99$17.39 €29.99$34.79 €99.99$116.00 €229.99$266.81
Lebanon $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Liberia $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Libya $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Lithuania €10.99$12.52 €29.99$34.16 €99.99$113.88 €229.99$261.95
Luxembourg €10.99$12.75 €29.99$34.79 €69.99$81.19 €229.99$266.81
Macao $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Macedonia $9.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Madagascar $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Malawi $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Malaysia MYR 59.90$14.68 MYR 119.90$29.39 MYR 399.90$98.01 MYR 999.90$245.07
Maldives $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Mali $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Malta €14.99$17.39 €29.99$34.79 €99.99$116.00 €229.99$266.81
Mauritania $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Mauritius $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $229.99
Mexico MX$199.00$11.25 MX$499.00$28.21 MX$1,999.00$113.00 MX$3,999.00$226.06
Micronesia $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Moldova $14.99 $29.99 $99.99 $229.99
Mongolia $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Montenegro €11.99$13.91 €22.99$26.67 €79.99$92.80 €199.99$232.01
Montserrat $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Morocco $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Mozambique $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Myanmar $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Namibia $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Nauru $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Nepal $12.99 $29.99 $89.99 $229.99
Netherlands €10.99$12.52 €29.99$34.16 €79.99$91.10 €229.99$261.95
New Zealand NZ$18.49$10.45 NZ$49.99$28.24 NZ$149.99$84.74 —
Nicaragua $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Niger $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Nigeria NGN 3,600.00$2.72 NGN 39,900.00$30.13 NGN 69,900.00$52.79 NGN 299,900.00$226.47
Norway NOK 179.00$19.12 NOK 299.00$31.94 NOK 999.00$106.73 NOK 2,490.00$266.03
Oman $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Pakistan PKR 3,500$12.60 PKR 6,900$24.83 PKR 24,900$89.61 PKR 49,900$179.59
Palau $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Panama $9.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Papua New Guinea $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Paraguay $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Peru PEN 33.90$9.97 PEN 99.90$29.38 PEN 349.90$102.91 PEN 899.90$264.68
Philippines ₱519.00$8.30 ₱1,290.00$20.64 ₱4,990.00$79.83 ₱12,990.00$207.81
Poland PLN 47.99$12.50 PLN 129.99$33.85 PLN 499.99$130.21 PLN 999.99$260.41
Portugal €10.99$12.52 €29.99$34.16 €99.99$113.88 €229.99$261.95
Qatar QAR 36.99$10.16 QAR 99.99$27.47 QAR 299.99$82.41 QAR 699.99$192.30
Romania RON 52.99$11.44 RON 129.99$28.08 RON 499.99$107.99 RON 999.99$215.98
Russia RUB 799.00$9.23 RUB 2,290.00$26.45 RUB 7,990.00$92.27 RUB 17,990.00$207.76
Rwanda $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Sao Tome & Principe $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Saudi Arabia SAR 39.99$10.66 SAR 99.99$26.66 SAR 399.99$106.66 SAR 899.99$240.00
Senegal $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $229.99
Serbia €14.99$17.07 €29.99$34.16 €99.99$113.88 €229.99$261.95
Seychelles $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Sierra Leone $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Singapore SGD 13.98$11.01 SGD 34.98$27.54 SGD 129.98$102.35 SGD 299.98$236.20
Slovakia €10.99$12.75 €29.99$34.79 €99.99$116.00 €229.99$266.81
Slovenia €10.99$12.75 €29.99$34.79 €99.99$116.00 €229.99$266.81
Solomon Islands $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
South Africa ZAR 174.99$10.73 ZAR 499.99$30.66 ZAR 1,299.99$79.71 —
South Korea ₩19,000$14.00 ₩33,000$24.32 ₩129,000$95.06 ₩349,000$257.18
Spain €10.99$12.52 €29.99$34.16 €99.99$113.88 €229.99$261.95
Sri Lanka $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
St. Kitts and Nevis $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
St. Lucia $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
St. Vincent & The Grenadines $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Suriname $12.99 $29.99 $89.99 $199.99
Swaziland $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Sweden SEK 125.00$12.61 SEK 299.00$30.17 SEK 1,195.00$120.59 SEK 2,495.00$251.77
Switzerland CHF 10.50$12.67 CHF 25.00$30.16 CHF 73.00$88.06 —
Taiwan NT$390.00$12.32 NT$790.00$24.95 NT$2,990.00$94.44 NT$6,990.00$220.78
Tajikistan $14.99 $29.99 $99.99 $199.99
Tanzania TZS 39,900.00$15.11 TZS 69,900.00$26.47 TZS 249,900.00$94.62 TZS 599,900.00$227.13
Thailand THB 309.00$9.25 THB 999.00$29.92 THB 2,990.00$89.55 THB 6,990.00$209.34
Tonga $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Trinidad and Tobago $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Tunisia $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Turkey TRY 66.99$1.39 TRY 999.99$20.73 TRY 2,999.99$62.18 TRY 9,999.99$207.25
Turkmenistan $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Turks and Caicos $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Uganda $14.99 $29.99 $99.99 $229.99
Ukraine $9.99 $29.99 $99.99 $229.99
United Arab Emirates AED 37.99$10.35 AED 99.99$27.25 AED 349.99$95.37 AED 799.99$217.98
United Kingdom £9.99$13.23 £24.99$33.10 £67.99$90.05 —
United States $9.99 $24.99 $69.99 —
Uruguay $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Uzbekistan $14.99 $29.99 $99.99 $199.99
Vanuatu $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Venezuela $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Vietnam ₫349,000$13.40 ₫699,000$26.83 ₫2,299,000$88.25 ₫5,999,000$230.28
Yemen $12.99 $24.99 $89.99 $199.99
Zambia $12.99 $29.99 $89.99 $229.99
Zimbabwe $14.99 $29.99 $99.99 $229.99

Migraine Buddy: Track Headache FAQ

Is Migraine Buddy: Track Headache free?
Yes. The app and its basic features are free, in all 175 countries it sells in. Premium features are paid: they start from $9.99 (US), across 6 subscriptions.
How much does Migraine Buddy: Track Headache cost per month?
Monthly Plan is $9.99 – 12.99 (US). The annual plan works out cheaper per month: $69.99 – 89.99 a year.
Does Migraine Buddy: Track Headache have a free trial?
Yes — a 7 days free trial (US).
Where is Migraine Buddy: Track Headache cheapest?
A monthly subscription costs TRY 66.99 (≈$1.39) in Turkey and NOK 179.00 (≈$19.12) in Norway, its cheapest and dearest countries.
What are the best alternatives to Migraine Buddy: Track Headache?
VA: Health and Benefits (4.8 from 349,509 reviews), CBT-i Coach (4.6 from 13,882 reviews) and Bearable - Symptom Tracker (4.7 from 9,839 reviews, premium from $4.49).

Migraine Buddy: Track Headache download

Last updated 18 days ago.

Migraine Buddy: Track Headache sells in 175 countries. It was released 11 years and 6 months ago, on 27 Mar 2015. It holds a 4.8 rating from 79,603 reviews.

Supports 9 languages: English, Dutch, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish.

How much does Migraine Buddy: Track Headache make?

Third-party estimates for the last 30 days, worldwide — not the store's own figures, which Apple publishes for nobody.

Revenue $60K
Downloads 20K
Products on sale 16

Revenue by plan

  • Monthly
  • Annual
  • 2 months
  • One-time

Revenue by country

  • United States
  • Canada
  • United Kingdom
  • Germany
Open the full Migraine Buddy: Track Headache analytics Revenue and downloads month by month, all 175 countries split out, and every product's share and trend